Come see Hot Tuna, an American blues-rock band perform on Monday, July 9 at 8:00 PM as the finale of The ArtsCenter?s 9th annual American Roots Series! Formed by bassist Jack Casady and guitarist Jorma Kaukonen as a spin-off of Jefferson Airplane, this group plays acoustic versions of original and traditional blues songs. For tickets and more information: www.artscenterlive.org or 919-929-2787 ext. 201.
Forty years and several incarnations of the Jefferson Airplane later, Hot Tuna are still going strong. Jorma Kaukonen and Jack Casady can still tear it up (yes, ?tear it up? definitely applies to acoustic Tuna) and Barry Mitterhoff on mandolin rounds things out to a beautiful trio. In November 2010, Kaukonen announced on his blog that Hot Tuna had begun recording its first studio album in 20 years. The album Steady as She Goes was released by Red House Records on April 5, 2011. As described on the band?s website, ?Jorma and Jack could not have imagined, let alone predicted, where playing would take them. It?s been a long and fascinating road to numerous exciting destinations. Two things have never changed: They still love to play as much as they did as kids in Washington D.C., and there are still many, many exciting miles yet to travel on their musical odyssey.? Recommended for fans of: Fur Peace Ranch, all their bands and incarnations. For more information, visit: www.hottuna.com.
Concerts at The ArtsCenter are made possible by the support of Tony Hall & Associates, Courtyard by Marriott, the Carrboro Citizen, and The ArtsCenter Friends. Tickets are $33 in advance, $31 ArtsCenter Friends, $36 day of show from www.artscenterlive.org or The ArtsCenter Box Office at 300-G East Main Street; Carrboro, NC 27510; 919.929.2787, ext. 201
The ArtsCenter is a non-profit teaching and presenting organization founded in 1974. The largest employer of artists in Orange County, NC, it serves nearly 60,000 people annually, through classes, studios, concerts, theatre, spoken word, gallery displays, more than 80 school shows, and more. The ArtsCenter exerts a local economic impact of almost $2,900,000, which generates the equivalent of 78 full time jobs and $231,000 in state and local tax revenue.
Writing an article is not rocket science anybody who knows how to write regardless of the language they speak and write can create an article. It is only a matter of arranging your thoughts and putting it down on paper or the computer screen in a way that will offer some value to the reader. If you are new to the world of content creation you might feel a little intimidated by the thought that your article could someday be read by hundreds if not thousands of readers and if you do not do it right they all will know. If you begin by pushing yourself to write epic content you are probably not taking the right path to your goal as this will lead to unnecessary pressure and unwanted stress.
There are several articles on the internet that deal with the subject of article writing or content creation. This article however will teach you how to get the basics right, it won?t give you the magic formula to create amazing content but it will surely put you on the right path. Once you are on the right path it is up to you to explore your creative writing side and create content which can truly have the potential to be epic. You will provide the magic required, the magic exists inside you and does not lie in a formula to instant epic content.
Here are a few things you need to keep in mind to make sure you prepare yourself to write epic content:
Relax and set your mind free
To begin writing good content you need to be in the right frame of mind. Do not begin by hoping to have an error free, perfect article ready in 30 to 45 minutes. It is possible to write an article in 30 to 45 minutes but for authors who settle for nothing less than the best, time is not a constraint. You are an author not an article production line. Sure we all have deadlines to meet however exceeding it a little won?t mean the end of the world, it will in fact save you extra time and effort in the future. When you invest time in writing good content it will be read and well received by your writers and your article will not be a waste of space in cyber world.
Make sure you are in a quite environment where there are no distractions. I know some authors who visit the park or the lake to relax their mind and then get down to work on their laptop or notepad. Your mind will perform at its optimum when your mind and body is relaxed devoid of any distractions. This does not mean you shoo your kids and family members away. You should wait for time when they are not as active or you could just go to your room and relax. Make sure you focus only on the task that lies at hand which is to write good content. Drain out all distractions; they can wait for after you finish your article. No stress, no anxiety, no deadlines the computer or your notepad is your canvas, prepare yourself to paint the best picture you can.
Let the ideas flow
Once you have settled down and are relaxed it is time to BRAINSTORM! That is right there is always silence before a storm. Brainstorm for ideas about the subject you wish to create content. Use the notepad on your laptop or an actual notepad to write down all the ideas. Do not pressurize your mind to give birth to ideas. Just let the ideas flow unrestricted like the river which flows swiftly after a thunderstorm and brings water to its banks.
Do not worry about editing your ideas just write them down in the same order that they spring in your mind. Be random, be free, be creative and make sure your hands function as a stenographer taking note of everything that comes to your mind.
Once done what you have is all the material you will need to build an amazing article. All you now have to do is use these ideas and key points to create an article by elaborating more on them. Once the list of ideas is ready you can just copy paste them in an order in which you wish to present to your reader. Once arranged double check to make sure you have all the important points which you wish to present to the reader.
Congratulations! After completing this stage you have almost completed a big chunk of work required to write a good article. Now all you have to do is use these points to create an article by always keeping your reader in mind. However the masterpiece is not yet complete, you need to move on to the next stage which is the advanced stage of article creation. It involves the actual act of drafting the final article and the points you need to remember when get down to it. It involves steps you should follow to breathe life in to your article and how you can ensure your article will be as good as a timeless story.
You do not want to miss the next second and final stage in your quest for epic content ? II .
June has been a very good month for Matthew McConaughey. He started out the month getting married to his long-time love (and mother of his two children) Camila Alves, and he rounds out the same month with the opening of his new film about male strippers, "Magic Mike."
But he admits that there was a little trepidation when he proposed to Alves last Christmas: "She didn't say yes right away!" he told TODAY's Ann Curry on Thursday. "'Yes' was not the first word out of her mouth. It took about 30 seconds.... She says she was shocked."
Obviously the right words did come out, because the two married on June 9, with son Levi as ring-bearer and daughter Vida as the flower girl. "I don't think she dropped one petal," said the proud papa.?
Lately McConaughey has been learning something other than how to be a husband -- he's been practicing his stripper moves for "Mike." In the film, he plays a club owner and former stripper Dallas, who "believes he is sort of the messiah of the male revue universe," explained the actor. "This subculture, male strippers in this world, it's very carny, almost cheesy world."
Stripping for the camera, he admitted, was something of a rush: "After you get into it and it starts to work, it sort of becomes very fun. Then when it's over three minutes later, and everyone's on the ground laughing, including myself, you want to do it again.... It's a hoot. You're on a stage -- it's rock star stuff."
Still, he admitted: "I'm probably done with public displays of stripping."
So overall, life is on a roll for the easygoing actor, who said, "(My life) is healthy. Personal life is good, career feels good ... and we'll just keep on cultivating."
"Magic Mike" is in theaters as of June 29.
Will you go see 'Magic Mike'?
What hunk are you most looking forward to seeing in "Magic Mike"? Let us know on Facebook!
This research service is an overview of the global automotive industry. It gives a snapshot of the top 10 companies in the industry in 2010 by sales and what their visions are for the future. It gives the overall production trends with respect to region and global traditional segmentation. It also provides a comparison of financial assessment of developed market OEMs and emerging market OEMs on the parameters of trading multiples, liquidity, margins, and profitability. A brief overview of the transaction trends in the industry is also analyzed as to which financing option is preferred over the years.
List of Figures
Automotive Industry: Average Deal Value Per Year (Global), 2000-2011 38 Automotive Industry: Average Debt Value Per Year (Global), 2000-2011 42 Automotive Industry: Total Debt Value (Global), 2000-2011 42 Automotive Industry: Average Debt Volume Per Year (Global), 2000-2011 43 Automotive Industry: Total Debt Volume (Global), 2000-2011 43 Automotive Industry: Average Debt Value (Global), 2000-2011 44 Automotive Industry: Average Debt Volume (Global), 2000-2011 44 Automotive Industry: Average PO Volume (Global), 2000-2011 45 Automotive Industry: Average PO Value (Global), 2000-2011 45 Automotive Industry: OEM?s Trading Multiples (Emerging Markets), 2007-2011 56 Automotive Industry: OEM?s Trading Multiples (Developed Markets), 2007-2011 56
Published: June 2012 No. of Pages:?69
Price:US$6000
List of Charts
Automotive Industry: Auto OEM?s Market Share by Volume of Sales (Global), 2010 12 Automotive Industry: Toyota Production Trend ? Geographic Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 14 Automotive Industry: Toyota Production Trend ? Marquee Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 15 Automotive Industry: GM Production Trend ? Geographic Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 16 Automotive Industry: GM Production Trend ? Marquee Break-up (Global), 2008-2011 17 Automotive Industry: VW Production Trend ? Geographic Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 18 Automotive Industry: VW Production Trend ? Marquee Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 19 Automotive Industry: Hyundai Production Trend ? Geographic Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 20 Automotive Industry: Hyundai Production Trend ? Marquee Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 21 Automotive Industry: Ford Production Trend ? Geographic Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 22 Automotive Industry: Ford Production Trend ? Marquee Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 23 Automotive Industry: Renault Nissan Production Trend ? Geographic Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 24 Automotive Industry: Renault Nissan Production Trend ? Marquee Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 25 Automotive Industry: PSA Peugeot Citreon Production Trend ? Geographic Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 26 Automotive Industry: PSA Peugeot Citreon Production Trend ? Marquee Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 27 Automotive Industry: Honda Production Trend ? Geographic Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 28 Automotive Industry: Honda Production Trend ? Marquee Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 29 Automotive Industry: Suzuki Production Trend ? Geographic Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 30 Automotive Industry: Suzuki Production Trend ? Marquee Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 31 Automotive Industry: Fiat S.p.A Production Trend ? Geographic Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 32 Automotive Industry: Fiat S.p.A Production Trend ? Marquee Break-up (Global), 2008-2018 33 Automotive Industry: Production Trend ? Traditional Segment (Global), 2008 and 2018 34 Automotive Industry: Production Trend ? Body Style (Global), 2008 and 2018 34 Automotive Industry: Production Trend ? Market status (Global), 2008 and 2018 35 Automotive Industry: Production Trend ? Size (Global), 2008 and 2018 35 Automotive Industry: Region-wise Production Trends (Global), 2008 and 2018 36 Automotive Industry: Average Transaction Value and Volume Per Year (Global), 2000-2011 38 Automotive Industry: Total Transaction Value (Global), 2000-2003 39 Automotive Industry: Total Transaction Value (Global), 2004-2007 39 Automotive Industry: Total Transaction Value (Global), 2008-2009 39 Automotive Industry: Total Transaction Value (Global), 2010-2011 39 Automotive Industry: Total Transaction Volume (Global), 2000-2003 40 Automotive Industry: Total Transaction Volume (Global), 2004-2007 40 Automotive Industry: Total Transaction Volume (Global), 2008-2009 40 Automotive Industry: Total Transaction Volume (Global), 2010-2011 40 Automotive Industry: Average Transaction Value Debt, PO, VC and M&A (Global), 2000-2011 41 Automotive Industry: Types of Debt Offering in Value (Global), 2000-2011 42 Automotive Industry: Types of Debt Offering in Volume (Global), 2000-2011 43 Automotive Industry: Average M&A Value Overall Per Year (Global), 2000-2011 46 Automotive Industry: Average M&A Volumes Overall Per Year (Global), 2000-2011 46 Automotive Industry: Average M&A Deal Size, Value and Volumes Overall Per Year (Global), 2000-2011 47 Automotive Industry: Average M&A Values by Region as Buyer (Global), 2000-2011 49 Automotive Industry: Average M&A Values by Region as Target (Global), 2000-2011 49 Automotive Industry: Average M&A Volume by Region as Buyer (Global), 2000-2011 50 Automotive Industry: Average M&A Volume by Region as Target (Global), 2000-2011 50 Automotive Industry: Average Venture Capital Value by Region as Buyer (Global), 2000-2011 52 Automotive Industry: Average Venture Capital Value by Region as Target (Global), 2000-2011 52 Automotive Industry: Average Venture Capital Volume by Region as Buyer (Global), 2000-2011 53 Automotive Industry: Average Venture Capital Volume by Region as Target (Global), 2000-2011 53 Automotive Industry: Average Venture Capital Value and Volume (Global), 2000-2011 54 Automotive Industry: OEM?s Liquidity Ratios (Emerging Markets), 2007-2011 57 Automotive Industry: OEM?s Liquidity Ratios (Developed Markets), 2007-2011 57 Automotive Industry: OEM?s Margins (Emerging Markets), 2007-2011 58 Automotive Industry: OEM?s Margins (Developed Markets), 2007-2011 58 Automotive Industry: OEM?s Long Term Solvency (Emerging Markets), 2007-2011 59 Automotive Industry: OEM?s Long Term Solvency (Developed Markets), 2007-2011 59 Automotive Industry: OEM?s Asset Turnover Ratios (Emerging Markets), 2007-2011 60 Automotive Industry: OEM?s Asset Turnover Ratios (Developed Markets), 2007-2011 60 Automotive Industry: Profitability Ratios (Emerging Markets), 2007-2011 61 Automotive Industry: Profitability Ratios (Developed Markets), 2007-2011 61
Prostate cancer treatments have side effects that could be seen (and felt) for years after the treatments are over, according to a new study published in the Journal of Urology.
Market Watch reports that the study found that men who have treatments for prostate cancer have double the chance of needing a urinary incontinence procedure within 15-years after a radical prostatectomy treatment. The risk increases significantly with patient age, radiation after treatment, and low surgeon volume.
Dr. Robert Nam, lead investigator, urological oncologist, and head of the Genitourinary Cancer Care team at Sunnybrook?s Odette Cancer Centre, stated:
?We hope these findings will help patients and their physicians have a more informed discussion about the treatment decision and potential implications for long term impact on quality of life.?
The study included 25,346 men who underwent radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer between 1993 and 2006, and was the first long-term study done regarding prostate cancer treatments and their effects on male incontinence.
Reuters reports that of the 25,346 men in the study, more than 500 men with cancer (including cancers caught through regular screening) ended up with bladder control problems and sexual function issues for up to 10 years after their treatment, when compared to those with no cancer diagnosis.
Mass News Media reports that the side effects are significantly better than actually having cancer, the issue is more complicated than that. Prostate cancer is slow-growing, and may never actually reach the point of being fatal. Also, studies have yet to find evidence that PSA tests (used to screen men for prostate cancer) are effective in saving lives.
According to Mass New Media, there are also high rates of false positives, and side effects from the testing as well as treatment, if it is necessary. The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force advises against the screening for these reasons. They also note that more than 95% off men affected by prostate cancer had some degree of sexual dysfunction from the treatments, and more than half have urinary issues.
Past studies have had similar results, but the one done by Dr. Nam and his team is the first large-scale study to show the same results of effects by prostate cancer treatments.
Las Vegas, NV ? Many people have considered selling products online, but were discouraged by the lack of information on how to do it properly. Thanks to a successful online marketer, the process will become very easy in just a few weeks.
Internet Marketing expert Eben Pagan announced the upcoming release of his most complete training to date, Guru Product Blueprints. Eben has been marketing products online for over ten years now, making over a million dollars in each of the products he released (some have made him tens of millions).
Guru Product Blueprints will be a 10-week training program designed to take a person by the hand through the whole product creation and marketing process. Eben has helped many people create a solid online business, quit their jobs and generate an income most people would only dream about. It will cover all aspects of selecting a niche, creating a product (eBook, Video, Membership Site, Webinars, etc), and marketing it successfully.
This complete training will consist of 1. How-to videos 2. audio recordings 3. PDF documents 4. Different templates you can base your products on (great time-saver) 5. Webinars and live trainings, which allow participants to ask questions 6. And more
Covering all corners of the product creation process, Guru Product Blueprints is the most complete program by Eben Pagan to date. A person that follows this step by step blueprint will be successful, no doubt. Regardless of the background, anyone can do it as long as he or she can follow instructions.
Also known as David DeAngelo, he created the website Double Your Dating back in 2002, which was wildly successful. From then he created several products in different niches, and then helped other people start their online business. He became so successful that even Tony Robbins interviewed him for his Money Masters program.
It is often reported that his companies made over $100 million during the last nine years, which shows he clearly knows how to promote products online for profit.
Visit Guru Products Blueprint to learn how you can gain access to 3 training videos as well as downloadable exercises in PDF format. These will be available only for a very short time, so hurry up!
CONTACT INFO
For more information: Watch this short video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ahqbkxpjnyg Contact: moc.liamtohnull@oiccudlabynot
If you're game for learning some new search tricks, they may as well come from the hive mind itself. Mountain View is currently accepting registrations for "Power Searching with Google," a free-of-charge virtual course which will start on July 10th and involve six 50-minute interactive classes spread over two weeks. In addition to plugging Goolge+ at every opportunity, it promises to explain how to "solve real, everyday problems" using advanced search features -- and there's even a certificate at the end of it. Sign up at the course homepage linked below.
Direct Dowanload:adf.ly To go to my page and sign up for your seven day free trial! Add me on skype:Joshward09 Send me an Email:Joshward12@hotmail.com Are you wondering why other people are making thousands of dollars by only working at home?Would you be interested to be one of those who really make money online? You can?
This content is for SEOMM Gold Membership Program members only. Please login to view this content. (Register here.)
JBS United, Inc. and PrairiE Systems have announced that PrairiE Systems, based in Spencer, Iowa, has become a subsidiary of JBS United.? Both companies have a common goal of supporting livestock producers and the industry in providing a traceable safe food product to consumers.? This partnership will further support that vision.
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PrairiE Systems is an Information Technology company and Software and Systems Developer focused on the needs of livestock producers, especially the need to trace and manage feed, and ensure safe food products.? The company is primarily focused on helping the swine industry operate more effectively, but the software and systems are easily modified for other livestock.? PrairiE Systems? premier farm management product is their Feed Allocation System.
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PrairiE Systems? Feed Allocation System is a web-based productivity tool designed to complement the day-to-day process of managing feed ordering and delivering feed, while lowering feed costs for producers.? Joel Stave, President of PrairiE Systems stated, ?This system automates one of the most complicated and time-consuming tasks in the livestock industry today, and verifies that the correct feed is being delivered to the correct bin at the correct time.? This allows the entire feeding process to be traceable, helps ensure safe food products for consumers and it helps track and reduce feed budgets for producers.?
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Additional benefits of this Feed Allocation System include reducing the occurrence of feed outages, making the feed ordering and management process easier, allowing feed medications to be administered and tracked more effectively, and much more.? In addition to the benefits listed above, all of PrairiE Systems? suite of products help livestock producers ensure that feed production practices comply with the industry?s focus on providing a high quality, safe food product.
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This newly acquired company has been positioned as a subsidiary within JBS United?s Nutrition and Emerging Technologies Group.? JBS United?s Chief Operating Officer, Doug Webel stated,
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?The decision to acquire PrairiE Systems was made as part of an initiative to keep our customers competitive, progressive and profitable for many years to come.? This acquisition will generate significant operational benefits for pork producers, and the synergy created by combining the resources of JBS United and PrairiE Systems will increase the overall corporate value for both the Nutrition and Emerging Technologies Group and JBS United as a whole.?
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New technology is revolutionizing how livestock producers and other farms operate.? JBS United understands and embraces this, as evidenced by the company?s development of one of the first Swine Records Programs in the industry.? This acquisition of PrairiE Systems is just another step in the direction of advanced technology and using information to help customers operate more effectively, while providing a traceable and safe food product to the consumer.? With PrairiE Systems joining JBS United, it allows the company to reach a much larger target audience, and provides access to resources that will allow the expansion of its product line.? The result of this will be the development of more innovative tools and services to help livestock producers increase profits and provide the safest food products possible.
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About JBS United
Since its founding in 1956, JBS United has been dedicated to providing research-based solutions to enhance animal nutrition and livestock production profitability.? The company provides various products and services to swine, dairy cattle, poultry and other animal producers worldwide.? For more information, visit the JBS United website at www.JBSunited.com.
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About PrairiE Systems
PrairiE Systems was formed to meet the ever-increasing need for computers and technology in today?s livestock industry. In addition to the development of productivity enhancing software and systems for producers, the company also offers complete information technology services, including consulting and 24-hour technical support.? For more information, visit the PrairiE Systems websites at www.PrairiESystems.net and www.FeedAllocationSystem.com.
Contact: David Gilbert degilbert@lbl.gov 924-296-5643 DOE/Joint Genome Institute
In the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico two years ago, various strategies were deployed to prevent 4.9 million barrels of light crude oil from fouling the waters and reaching the shores. A team of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) researchers found that nature also played a role in the dispersal process as marine microbial communities responded to the oil plume that made its way from the wellhead at a depth of 5,000 feet to the surface of the water.
"There was oil on the surface and oil below, but no oil in between," said microbial ecologist Terry Hazen, former head of the Ecology Department at Berkeley Lab and now holder of the University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge National Laboratory Governor's Chair. In a report published a few months after the oil spill, Hazen's team reported that the microbes in the water were partly responsible for the oil's disappearance. While several studies have since confirmed that various microbes played a role in the dispersal of the oil in the Gulf, understanding the composition of the microbial community and the roles of its members has not fully achieved until now.
To learn more about the microbial community's response to the oil spill, researchers led by Berkeley Lab senior scientist Janet Jansson availed themselves of the expertise and resources at two of the Lab's national user facilities, the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI) and the Advanced Light Source (ALS). The work done by the Lab's disaster response team demonstrated Ernest Lawrence's pioneering vision of team science. The findings, published in two separate articles, track a series of microbial species dominating the community in the waters at various time points to remove different fractions of the oil.
As reported in an article published online June 21, 2012 in The ISME Journal, the team describes using a combination of genomics techniques to study the way the microbes responded to the influx of oil. They focused on the community's expressed functional information or metatranscriptome. In addition, they isolated single cells to identify the predominant microbial members in the deep ocean oil plume. Using the latter technique, they were able to assemble a draft genome of what they say is the first deep-sea, oil-eating bacterium from a single cell.
Jansson's postdoctoral fellow Olivia Mason collected deep water samples from the oil plume that appeared during the Deepwater Horizon spill 1.5 kilometers and 11 km from the wellhead and the samples were analyzed by a team of scientists back at the Berkeley Lab. Mason extracted DNA and RNA from the samples and at the DOE JGI, researchers led by Microbial Program head Tanja Woyke and Metagenome Program head Susannah Tringe subjected the samples to deep sequencing approaches, generating billions of bases of data for each sample. Mason analyzed the resulting metagenomic (DNA) and metatranscriptomic (RNA) sequences to reveal genes for functions such as hydrocarbon degradation. Data analysis revealed an abundance of genes involved in the degradation of alkanes, as well as genes involved in degradation of aromatic compounds. A separate group under DOE JGI Microbial Program head Tanja Woyke worked to isolate and sequence three cells of Oceanospirillales bacteria, two of which they were able to co-assemble into a draft genome.
Mason then searched against a database of microbial proteins known to be involved in the pathways for breaking down hydrocarbons. The results suggested that the microbes responding to the plume were predominantly Oceanospirillales bacteria, able to break down cyclohexanes.
Jansson said that the results suggest a succession of microbes acted on the oil spill, degrading different fractions. "I think what we're seeing are these waves of community members and this is known to happen in the ocean. We probably have a bloom of alkane degraders that were present when we sampled early in the spill history. In later expeditions they found methane degraders or propane degraders suggesting that there was a succession in the community and their properties," she said.
Adding credence to their hypothesis are the results of a simulation Jansson and her colleagues reported in a separate study published May 23, 2012 in Environmental Microbiology. The researchers modeled the oil plume scenario using uncontaminated water from the Gulf that was supplemented with oil collected during the spill, and dispersants. The team employed DNA sequencing at the DOE JGI to monitor the composition of the microbial community that was responsible for breakdown of the hydrocarbons. The distribution of "flocs," clusters of microorganisms, oil, and oil degradation products were also studied with the help of Berkeley Lab's Advanced Light Source, a DOE Office of Science-supported facility that offers a beamline -- ALS Infrared Beamline 1.4 -- that produces infrared spectra ideal for studying living bacteria individually or in small groups. "The aim was to enrich natural deep sea bacteria from the Gulf of Mexico on oil in the laboratory so that we could study them," she said, "and the results were the same as what was seen in nature." In addition, they successfully cultivated an oil-degrading Colwellia bacterium from the oil enrichments that had sequence similarity to those reported from the oil plume.
However, as the Oceanospirillales microbe that was sequenced using single cell sequencing remained uncultivated, Jansson said that further studies such as those conducted in the second study will have to wait until an isolate can be obtained. In the meantime, one direction the researchers have taken is to conduct a metagenomic analysis of sediment samples collected near the oil rig both during and after the Deepwater Horizon spill and of sediment samples from natural oil seeps.
Jansson said that combining the metagenomic, metatranscriptomic and single-cell sequencing techniques accessed through the collaboration with the DOE JGI provided a uniquely comprehensive perspective on the findings. "When we compared the RNA to the DNA we saw enrichment in the same kinds of genes for certain compounds. For example, the genes for degradation of cyclohexane were very abundant in the plume and they were being expressed. It was essential to have the expression data because without that, the DNA might be there but we'd be at a loss to determine whether there was any relevant functional activity," she said. "This shows what's really going on when and where you take your samples. We found that the genes were there, that specific classes of genes were highly expressed, and then they were also found in the single cell that we sequencedall together it made for a really coherent story that can serve as a model for future studies."
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The work reported in ISME Journal was supported by the Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI) at the University of California, Berkeley. EBI is a partnership led by the University of California (UC) Berkeley and including Berkeley Lab and the University of Illinois that is funded by BP. The work reported in Environmental Microbiology was supported by EBI and the Danish Research Council.
The U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, supported by the DOE Office of Science, is committed to advancing genomics in support of DOE missions related to clean energy generation and environmental characterization and cleanup. DOE JGI, headquartered in Walnut Creek, Calif., provides integrated high-throughput sequencing and computational analysis that enable systems-based scientific approaches to these challenges. Follow @doe_jgi on Twitter.
DOE's Office of Science is the largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit science.energy.gov.
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Contact: David Gilbert degilbert@lbl.gov 924-296-5643 DOE/Joint Genome Institute
In the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico two years ago, various strategies were deployed to prevent 4.9 million barrels of light crude oil from fouling the waters and reaching the shores. A team of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) researchers found that nature also played a role in the dispersal process as marine microbial communities responded to the oil plume that made its way from the wellhead at a depth of 5,000 feet to the surface of the water.
"There was oil on the surface and oil below, but no oil in between," said microbial ecologist Terry Hazen, former head of the Ecology Department at Berkeley Lab and now holder of the University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge National Laboratory Governor's Chair. In a report published a few months after the oil spill, Hazen's team reported that the microbes in the water were partly responsible for the oil's disappearance. While several studies have since confirmed that various microbes played a role in the dispersal of the oil in the Gulf, understanding the composition of the microbial community and the roles of its members has not fully achieved until now.
To learn more about the microbial community's response to the oil spill, researchers led by Berkeley Lab senior scientist Janet Jansson availed themselves of the expertise and resources at two of the Lab's national user facilities, the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI) and the Advanced Light Source (ALS). The work done by the Lab's disaster response team demonstrated Ernest Lawrence's pioneering vision of team science. The findings, published in two separate articles, track a series of microbial species dominating the community in the waters at various time points to remove different fractions of the oil.
As reported in an article published online June 21, 2012 in The ISME Journal, the team describes using a combination of genomics techniques to study the way the microbes responded to the influx of oil. They focused on the community's expressed functional information or metatranscriptome. In addition, they isolated single cells to identify the predominant microbial members in the deep ocean oil plume. Using the latter technique, they were able to assemble a draft genome of what they say is the first deep-sea, oil-eating bacterium from a single cell.
Jansson's postdoctoral fellow Olivia Mason collected deep water samples from the oil plume that appeared during the Deepwater Horizon spill 1.5 kilometers and 11 km from the wellhead and the samples were analyzed by a team of scientists back at the Berkeley Lab. Mason extracted DNA and RNA from the samples and at the DOE JGI, researchers led by Microbial Program head Tanja Woyke and Metagenome Program head Susannah Tringe subjected the samples to deep sequencing approaches, generating billions of bases of data for each sample. Mason analyzed the resulting metagenomic (DNA) and metatranscriptomic (RNA) sequences to reveal genes for functions such as hydrocarbon degradation. Data analysis revealed an abundance of genes involved in the degradation of alkanes, as well as genes involved in degradation of aromatic compounds. A separate group under DOE JGI Microbial Program head Tanja Woyke worked to isolate and sequence three cells of Oceanospirillales bacteria, two of which they were able to co-assemble into a draft genome.
Mason then searched against a database of microbial proteins known to be involved in the pathways for breaking down hydrocarbons. The results suggested that the microbes responding to the plume were predominantly Oceanospirillales bacteria, able to break down cyclohexanes.
Jansson said that the results suggest a succession of microbes acted on the oil spill, degrading different fractions. "I think what we're seeing are these waves of community members and this is known to happen in the ocean. We probably have a bloom of alkane degraders that were present when we sampled early in the spill history. In later expeditions they found methane degraders or propane degraders suggesting that there was a succession in the community and their properties," she said.
Adding credence to their hypothesis are the results of a simulation Jansson and her colleagues reported in a separate study published May 23, 2012 in Environmental Microbiology. The researchers modeled the oil plume scenario using uncontaminated water from the Gulf that was supplemented with oil collected during the spill, and dispersants. The team employed DNA sequencing at the DOE JGI to monitor the composition of the microbial community that was responsible for breakdown of the hydrocarbons. The distribution of "flocs," clusters of microorganisms, oil, and oil degradation products were also studied with the help of Berkeley Lab's Advanced Light Source, a DOE Office of Science-supported facility that offers a beamline -- ALS Infrared Beamline 1.4 -- that produces infrared spectra ideal for studying living bacteria individually or in small groups. "The aim was to enrich natural deep sea bacteria from the Gulf of Mexico on oil in the laboratory so that we could study them," she said, "and the results were the same as what was seen in nature." In addition, they successfully cultivated an oil-degrading Colwellia bacterium from the oil enrichments that had sequence similarity to those reported from the oil plume.
However, as the Oceanospirillales microbe that was sequenced using single cell sequencing remained uncultivated, Jansson said that further studies such as those conducted in the second study will have to wait until an isolate can be obtained. In the meantime, one direction the researchers have taken is to conduct a metagenomic analysis of sediment samples collected near the oil rig both during and after the Deepwater Horizon spill and of sediment samples from natural oil seeps.
Jansson said that combining the metagenomic, metatranscriptomic and single-cell sequencing techniques accessed through the collaboration with the DOE JGI provided a uniquely comprehensive perspective on the findings. "When we compared the RNA to the DNA we saw enrichment in the same kinds of genes for certain compounds. For example, the genes for degradation of cyclohexane were very abundant in the plume and they were being expressed. It was essential to have the expression data because without that, the DNA might be there but we'd be at a loss to determine whether there was any relevant functional activity," she said. "This shows what's really going on when and where you take your samples. We found that the genes were there, that specific classes of genes were highly expressed, and then they were also found in the single cell that we sequencedall together it made for a really coherent story that can serve as a model for future studies."
###
The work reported in ISME Journal was supported by the Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI) at the University of California, Berkeley. EBI is a partnership led by the University of California (UC) Berkeley and including Berkeley Lab and the University of Illinois that is funded by BP. The work reported in Environmental Microbiology was supported by EBI and the Danish Research Council.
The U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, supported by the DOE Office of Science, is committed to advancing genomics in support of DOE missions related to clean energy generation and environmental characterization and cleanup. DOE JGI, headquartered in Walnut Creek, Calif., provides integrated high-throughput sequencing and computational analysis that enable systems-based scientific approaches to these challenges. Follow @doe_jgi on Twitter.
DOE's Office of Science is the largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit science.energy.gov.
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Lost in the debate regarding whether Saints linebacker Jonathan Vilma offered a $10,000 bounty on Brett Favre prior to the 2009 NFC title game and whether former Saints defensive end Anthony Hargrove said, ?Bobby, give me my money? after it appeared Favre had been knocked out of the 2009 NFC title game is the fact that former Saints linebacker Scott Fujita faces no specific allegation that he contributed to the alleged bounty on Favre ? or to any specific bounty on any specific player.
Instead, the bounty case against Fujita consists of two claims: ?that he contributed money for the pool that paid players for sacks and forced fumbles (which necessarily isn?t and can?t be a ?bounty?), and that he contributed $2,000 to the ?general? pay-for-performance pool prior to the 2009 NFC title game.
(The latter comes from the same notes that the NFL regarded as sufficiently unreliable to result in Saints assistant head coach Joe Vitt even being asked about whether he contributed $5,000 to the alleged bounty on Favre. ?But those same notes nevertheless have fueled Fujita?s punishment.)
So why has Fujita been suspended three games to start the 2012 regular season?
The answer comes from the league?s focus on the payment of cash for big, clean, legal hits that caused a player to leave, for part of the game (clumsily dubbed a ?cart-off? by the Saints) or for the rest of the game (less clumsily labeled a ?knockout?). ?That?s why the NFL seized so aggressively upon Mike Triplett?s recent interview with Saints linebacker Scott Shanle, who as Triplett writes ?admitted some wrongdoing on the Saints? part, including the existence of rewards for legal hits that led to injuries and terms such as ?cart-offs? and ?knockouts.??
And so the league?s case against the players amounts to a contention that the pay-for-performance program included payments for big, clean, legal hits that caused a player to exit the field, whether for one or more plays or the rest of the game. ?The problem with the league?s logic is that, even without the extra cash, professional football players (especially defensive players) already are paid to deliver big, clean, legal hits. ?The goal in delivering big, clean, legal hits is to break the opponent?s will or, at a minimum, get him thinking not about doing his own job, but about avoiding another big, clean, legal hit.
An unspoken (usually) goal of delivering big ,clean, legal hits is to make opposing players unavailable to play. ?As long as the big hit is clean and legal, there?s no rule (yet) against trying to hit a player so hard that he can?t keep playing.
Perhaps that?s why the NFL has felt compelled to make its case seem stronger than it is, and to make the Saints? behavior seem more sinister than it was. ?By painting a picture of players who were looking to go beyond the rules to inflict injuries, the league successfully has glossed over the philosophical question of whether a player who already is paid to deliver big, clean, legal hits should be punished for receiving a little extra pay to (wait for it) deliver big, clean, legal hits.
It?s not that the Saints were trying to injure players. ?It?s that the Saints were offering extra money for big, clean, legal hits that advanced the pre-existing objective of victory through attrition, a concept that has been part of the game since the game was invented.
This inconsistency first surfaced when comparing the huge gap between Gregg Williams? cartoonish remarks the night before the January 2012 playoff game against the 49ers and the absence of any extracurricular hits or stomps or knee-whackings or conduct other than big, clean, legal hits. ?(Of course, most of the big, clean, legal hits applied in that game were applied to members of the Saints.) ?But the distinction between talk and action largely has been lost in the stream of flawed evidence leaked and/or published by the league.
So instead of debating whether it?s fair and just to dub as a ?bounty? program money paid to a player for doing the job he already is paid to do, much of the debate has centered the accuracy and credibility of the league?s interpretation of items like: ?the Anthony Hargrove declaration; the Mike Ornstein email of September 2011; the bounty ledger that was summarized for Jason Cole of Yahoo! Sports; the specific proof that Jonathan Vilma offered a $10,000 bounty on Brett Favre; and the question of whether sideline video from the 2009 NFC title game actually proves that Hargrove said, ?Bobby, give me my money.?
Maybe that?s precisely what the league has wanted. ?Maybe the league hopes to avoid a full-blown debate on what?s really going on here. ?Players were paid extra money for doing the jobs they already were paid to do. ?Absent proof linking the pooled cash to dirty or illegal hits aimed at inflicting injury, the Saints did nothing between the white lines that any other team ever sets out to do. ?Instead, some members of the Saints simply got a little extra money for doing what they already were supposed to do.
Too often the complexity of foreign policy gets portrayed as a simplistic, dualist choice between definitive military force and committed nonintervention. Either you?re a Donald Rumsfeld or a Ron Paul. But the real options of foreign policy decision-making are both numerous and nuanced, with both short-term and long-term options and concerns.
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton attends the Second Conference of the Group of Friends of the Syrian People at the Istanbul Congress Center in Istanbul, Turkey, April 1, 2012. Despite its continuing support for the Syrian opposition parties, the Obama administration is facing unintelligible criticisms from conservatives for alleged ?inaction? on the issue. [State Department photo/ Public Domain]
And yet, as concerns the turmoil in Syria, the only two options that seem to be bandying about among conservative thinkers are just those two simplified options?as the neoconservative wing argues for decisive military action, the realists and the noninterventionists call for the U.S. to follow a ?hands-off? approach.
Not surprisingly, both of these conservative approaches can be seen in the incoherent platform of Republican Presidential candidate Mitt Romney who calls for caution and prudence in regards to Syria while simultaneously criticizing President Obama for taking a weak stance. Although apparently against any type of unilateral or multilateral military intervention, Romney supports the United States start arming and training the rebels through third parties (rather than directly). This would be an interesting criticism if not for the fact that the Obama administration is already doing just that.
Yet even more hysterical and nonsensical, remains the position of hardcore neoconservatives such as former UN ambassador John Bolton. While beginning a recent article on the topic apparently wary of any military invasion, Bolton quickly moves into Yosemite Sam mode with calls for a more abrasive stance towards the nations who sponsor the Assad regime including: dissolving the START Treaty, pursuing missile defense initiatives, spurn negotiations with Russia and China over alleviating a potential ?arms race? in space and (perhaps the most crazy suggestion of them all) be prepared to immediately militarily strike Iran if it does not cease its pursuit of nuclear weapons.
But perhaps Bolton?s most delusional statement comes when he suggests that the situation for regime change was riper for success immediately after the U.S. invasion of Iraq. Has this man learned nothing from the chaos of the Iraq invasion?
Like Romney, Bolton suggests the U.S. also seek out secular, liberal leaders among the Syrian opposition to support, which, as stated before, the Obama administration is already doing (although Bolton for some reason doubts these claims).
But in response to the rebel support strategy conservative realists and noninterventionists do bring up a valid response: how realistically is the United States to prevent the weapons from falling into the arms of the numerous Islamists who are a key part of the Syrian opposition? Would we not end up simply arming Sunni extremists against Alawi/Shia extremists? Supporting the Saudi theocracy over the Iranian theocracy? These are valid questions.
Yet all this talk amongst the conservative world seems to miss what should be a key concern about Syria for progressives and those of the Left?what is the fate of the average Syrian and how can we best help make their lives better in the long run? This is a much harder question to answer than that of regime change. It?s clear that the Assad regime will eventually fall. It?s time is up sooner or later. But what will follow? And how can we make the post-Assad Syria a stable, more liberal state rather than an anarchic or theocratic society? This really should be our main concern: using U.S. soft power to broker stable relations amongst Syria?s diverse populace, build receptive and strong institutions, and support secular, progressive leaders (both military and nonmilitary figures), just to name a few suggestions.
Of course, ideally the U.S. should not be the only one supporting a brighter future for Syria. As Niall Ferguson writes, really China should be taking a leading role in all this. But ?should? is often a meaningless word when it comes to suggesting foreign policy for other states. Indeed, China should take lead role in helping ending the conflict in Syria. But following that logic, just as well the Syrian government should cease its massacring of civilians, realize the futility of trying to remain in power and broker a peace deal. But realistically, ?should?does not always translate into ?will.?
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Public release date: 21-Jun-2012
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